Index
Browse by technology.
Every chapter that devotes substantive coverage to a given technology. Use this when you want to read about PostgreSQL, Redis, Kafka, or another product by name rather than by topic. Passing mentions do not qualify — a chapter appears under a technology only when it dedicates a full section or uses it as the primary example.
- Technologies
- 67
- Categories
- 21
- Chapters
- 159
Relational databases
4 technologiesPostgreSQL
38- P0Data Structures for Distributed Systems
- P0Database Fundamentals for System Design
- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P2SQL Databases: The Boring Technology That Wins
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P2Geospatial Indexing: Geohash, Quadtree, R-tree, S2, and H3
- P3Consistency Deep Dive: Linearizability, Serializability, and the Spectrum Between
- P3Idempotency and Exactly-Once: The Honest Truth About Delivery Guarantees
- P4Storage Engines: B-Trees, LSM-Trees, and Why Your Database Feels the Way It Does
- P4OLTP vs OLAP: Row Stores, Column Stores, and Matching Shape to Workload
- P4Change Data Capture: Streaming the Database's Inner Monologue
- P4Search Systems: Inverted Indexes, BM25, and Running Elasticsearch in Production
- P4Vector Databases: Embeddings, ANN Indexes, and the Retrieval Layer for AI
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P5Event Sourcing: Events as the Source of Truth
- P5Strangler Fig: Incremental Migration Without a Big Bang
- P5Multi-Tenancy: Silo, Pool, and the SaaS Isolation Spectrum
- P8Design a Photo Sharing Service (Instagram)
- P8Design Collaborative Editing (Google Docs / Figma / Notion)
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design a Payment System (Stripe / PayPal)
- P8Design a Proximity Service (Nearby Friends / Yelp)
- P8Design a Unique ID Generator (Snowflake, ULID, TSID, UUIDv7)
- P8Design a Hotel Reservation System (Booking.com / Airbnb)
- P8Design a Distributed Job Scheduler (Airflow / Temporal / Distributed Cron)
- P8Design ChatGPT (Conversational AI at Scale)
- P8Design a Coding Agent (Claude Code / GitHub Copilot / Cursor)
- P8Design a Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly / Harness FME / Unleash)
- P8Design a Dating App (Tinder / Hinge / Bumble)
- P8Design a Multi-Tenant SaaS Platform
- P8Design a Video Conferencing System (Zoom / Google Meet)
- P8Design an Email Service at Gmail Scale (1.8B Users, 300B Messages/Day)
- P8Design a Fitness Tracking Service (Strava / MapMyRun)
- P8Design an Online Judge (LeetCode / Codeforces / HackerEarth)
- P8Design a Price Tracking Service (CamelCamelCamel / Honey / Keepa)
- P8Design a CI/CD Platform (GitHub Actions / GitLab CI / CircleCI)
- P8Design a Brokerage Platform (Robinhood / E*TRADE / Interactive Brokers)
MySQL
13- P0Database Fundamentals for System Design
- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P2SQL Databases: The Boring Technology That Wins
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P4Storage Engines: B-Trees, LSM-Trees, and Why Your Database Feels the Way It Does
- P4OLTP vs OLAP: Row Stores, Column Stores, and Matching Shape to Workload
- P4Change Data Capture: Streaming the Database's Inner Monologue
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P5Multi-Tenancy: Silo, Pool, and the SaaS Isolation Spectrum
- P8Design a Social Media Feed (Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn)
- P8Design a File Sync Service (Dropbox / Google Drive)
- P8Design a Unique ID Generator (Snowflake, ULID, TSID, UUIDv7)
Spanner
10- P1Consistency Models: What Readers Actually See
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P3Consistency Deep Dive: Linearizability, Serializability, and the Spectrum Between
- P3CAP and PACELC: The Tradeoff That Keeps Confusing People
- P3Clocks and Ordering: Lamport, Vector, and Hybrid Logical Clocks
- P3Distributed Transactions: 2PC, Saga, and When to Avoid Both
- P5Multi-Region Architecture: Active-Passive, Active-Active, and CRDTs
- P7Authentication vs Authorization: Identity, Permissions, and Access Models
- P8Design a Payment System (Stripe / PayPal)
CockroachDB
11- P1Consistency Models: What Readers Actually See
- P2SQL Databases: The Boring Technology That Wins
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P3Consensus Protocols: How Distributed Systems Agree
- P3Consistency Deep Dive: Linearizability, Serializability, and the Spectrum Between
- P3CAP and PACELC: The Tradeoff That Keeps Confusing People
- P3Clocks and Ordering: Lamport, Vector, and Hybrid Logical Clocks
- P3Distributed Transactions: 2PC, Saga, and When to Avoid Both
- P4Storage Engines: B-Trees, LSM-Trees, and Why Your Database Feels the Way It Does
- P5Multi-Region Architecture: Active-Passive, Active-Active, and CRDTs
Distributed SQL and sharding middleware
3 technologiesTiDB
7- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P2SQL Databases: The Boring Technology That Wins
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P3Distributed Transactions: 2PC, Saga, and When to Avoid Both
- P4OLTP vs OLAP: Row Stores, Column Stores, and Matching Shape to Workload
- P5Multi-Tenancy: Silo, Pool, and the SaaS Isolation Spectrum
Vitess
7- P0Database Fundamentals for System Design
- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P2SQL Databases: The Boring Technology That Wins
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
YugabyteDB
2
Key-value and document stores
4 technologiesRedis
61- P0Operating System Essentials for System Design
- P0Data Structures for Distributed Systems
- P0Database Fundamentals for System Design
- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P1Back-of-the-Envelope Estimation
- P2Caching: From Browser to Database
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Pub/Sub: Fan-Out and Event-Driven Systems
- P2Rate Limiting: Protecting Systems from Themselves
- P2Geospatial Indexing: Geohash, Quadtree, R-tree, S2, and H3
- P3CAP and PACELC: The Tradeoff That Keeps Confusing People
- P3CRDTs: Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types
- P3Idempotency and Exactly-Once: The Honest Truth About Delivery Guarantees
- P3Failure Detection: Deciding a Node Is Dead
- P4Vector Databases: Embeddings, ANN Indexes, and the Retrieval Layer for AI
- P4Key-Value Stores: Redis, Memcached, DynamoDB, and Picking the Right Hash Table
- P5Multi-Tenancy: Silo, Pool, and the SaaS Isolation Spectrum
- P7DDoS Protection and WAFs: Mitigating Volumetric and Application Attacks
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design a Pastebin (Paste Sharing Service)
- P8Design a Distributed Rate Limiter
- P8Design a Notification System (Push, SMS, Email at Scale)
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design a Social Media Feed (Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn)
- P8Design a Photo Sharing Service (Instagram)
- P8Design Search Autocomplete (Typeahead Suggestions)
- P8Design a Ride-Hailing Service (Uber / Lyft)
- P8Design Google Maps (Routing and Tile Rendering)
- P8Design Collaborative Editing (Google Docs / Figma / Notion)
- P8Design a Distributed Cache (Memcached / Redis Cluster)
- P8Design a Recommendation System (Netflix / YouTube / TikTok)
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design a Payment System (Stripe / PayPal)
- P8Design a Food Delivery Service (DoorDash / Swiggy)
- P8Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Real-Time Stream Processing)
- P8Design a Proximity Service (Nearby Friends / Yelp)
- P8Design a Real-Time Leaderboard
- P8Design a Hotel Reservation System (Booking.com / Airbnb)
- P8Design a Distributed Job Scheduler (Airflow / Temporal / Distributed Cron)
- P8Design ChatGPT (Conversational AI at Scale)
- P8Design a Coding Agent (Claude Code / GitHub Copilot / Cursor)
- P8Design Perplexity (AI Search with Citations)
- P8Design a Voice Agent (Alexa / Siri-Class Realtime)
- P8Design a Content Moderation System at Scale
- P8Design a Semantic Cache for LLM Applications
- P8Design a Model Router and Gateway (OpenRouter / LiteLLM)
- P8Design a Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly / Harness FME / Unleash)
- P8Design a Dating App (Tinder / Hinge / Bumble)
- P8Design an Online Auction (eBay / Catawiki)
- P8Design a Multi-Tenant SaaS Platform
- P8Design a Video Conferencing System (Zoom / Google Meet)
- P8Design an Email Service at Gmail Scale (1.8B Users, 300B Messages/Day)
- P8Design Live Comments at Scale (FB Live / YouTube Live / Twitch Chat)
- P8Design a Fraud Detection System (Stripe Radar / PayPal / Feedzai)
- P8Design a Fitness Tracking Service (Strava / MapMyRun)
- P8Design an Online Judge (LeetCode / Codeforces / HackerEarth)
- P8Design a Price Tracking Service (CamelCamelCamel / Honey / Keepa)
- P8Design an API Gateway at Scale (Kong / AWS API Gateway / Apigee / Envoy)
- P8Design a CI/CD Platform (GitHub Actions / GitLab CI / CircleCI)
- P8Design a Brokerage Platform (Robinhood / E*TRADE / Interactive Brokers)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
Memcached
7- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P2Caching: From Browser to Database
- P3Consistent Hashing: Keys to Nodes Without Global Reshuffles
- P4Key-Value Stores: Redis, Memcached, DynamoDB, and Picking the Right Hash Table
- P8Design a Photo Sharing Service (Instagram)
- P8Design Netflix (End-to-End)
- P8Design a Distributed Cache (Memcached / Redis Cluster)
DynamoDB
23- P0Data Structures for Distributed Systems
- P1Latency and Throughput: The Two Numbers That Matter
- P1Availability and Reliability: Nines, SLOs, and Staying Up
- P1Consistency Models: What Readers Actually See
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P3Consistency Deep Dive: Linearizability, Serializability, and the Spectrum Between
- P3Quorums and Replication: The Math of R + W > N
- P3CAP and PACELC: The Tradeoff That Keeps Confusing People
- P3Consistent Hashing: Keys to Nodes Without Global Reshuffles
- P3Merkle Trees and Anti-Entropy: Keeping Replicas in Sync Cheaply
- P4Key-Value Stores: Redis, Memcached, DynamoDB, and Picking the Right Hash Table
- P5Event Sourcing: Events as the Source of Truth
- P5Serverless: Functions, Cold Starts, and When FaaS Actually Saves Money
- P5Multi-Region Architecture: Active-Passive, Active-Active, and CRDTs
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design a Pastebin (Paste Sharing Service)
- P8Design a Distributed Key-Value Store (Dynamo / Cassandra / Riak)
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design a Payment System (Stripe / PayPal)
- P8Design a Real-Time Leaderboard
- P8Design a Dating App (Tinder / Hinge / Bumble)
MongoDB
4
Wide-column stores
4 technologiesCassandra
27- P0Data Structures for Distributed Systems
- P1Back-of-the-Envelope Estimation
- P1Trade-off Thinking
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P3Consistency Deep Dive: Linearizability, Serializability, and the Spectrum Between
- P3Quorums and Replication: The Math of R + W > N
- P3CAP and PACELC: The Tradeoff That Keeps Confusing People
- P3Clocks and Ordering: Lamport, Vector, and Hybrid Logical Clocks
- P3Failure Detection: Deciding a Node Is Dead
- P3Consistent Hashing: Keys to Nodes Without Global Reshuffles
- P3Merkle Trees and Anti-Entropy: Keeping Replicas in Sync Cheaply
- P4Storage Engines: B-Trees, LSM-Trees, and Why Your Database Feels the Way It Does
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P5Event Sourcing: Events as the Source of Truth
- P5Multi-Region Architecture: Active-Passive, Active-Active, and CRDTs
- P8Design a Distributed Key-Value Store (Dynamo / Cassandra / Riak)
- P8Design a Notification System (Push, SMS, Email at Scale)
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design a Social Media Feed (Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn)
- P8Design a Web Crawler (Googlebot-style)
- P8Design Netflix (End-to-End)
- P8Design a Ride-Hailing Service (Uber / Lyft)
- P8Design a Food Delivery Service (DoorDash / Swiggy)
- P8Design a Distributed Job Scheduler (Airflow / Temporal / Distributed Cron)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
ScyllaDB
11- P0Data Structures for Distributed Systems
- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P1Back-of-the-Envelope Estimation
- P1Trade-off Thinking
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P3Quorums and Replication: The Math of R + W > N
- P4Storage Engines: B-Trees, LSM-Trees, and Why Your Database Feels the Way It Does
- P8Design a Distributed Key-Value Store (Dynamo / Cassandra / Riak)
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
Bigtable
2HBase
1
Analytical and OLAP databases
6 technologiesBigQuery
2ClickHouse
10- P4OLTP vs OLAP: Row Stores, Column Stores, and Matching Shape to Workload
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Real-Time Stream Processing)
- P8Design a Logging Platform (ELK / Loki / Splunk)
- P8Design a Content Moderation System at Scale
- P8Design a Model Router and Gateway (OpenRouter / LiteLLM)
- P8Design a Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly / Harness FME / Unleash)
- P8Design a Multi-Tenant SaaS Platform
- P8Design an Observability Platform (Datadog / New Relic / Honeycomb)
Snowflake
14- P0Data Structures for Distributed Systems
- P2SQL Databases: The Boring Technology That Wins
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P4OLTP vs OLAP: Row Stores, Column Stores, and Matching Shape to Workload
- P4Data Warehouses and Data Lakes: Structure, Schema, and the Lakehouse
- P4Change Data Capture: Streaming the Database's Inner Monologue
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design a Social Media Feed (Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn)
- P8Design a Unique ID Generator (Snowflake, ULID, TSID, UUIDv7)
- P8Design a Hotel Reservation System (Booking.com / Airbnb)
- P8Design a Coding Agent (Claude Code / GitHub Copilot / Cursor)
- P8Design a Fraud Detection System (Stripe Radar / PayPal / Feedzai)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
Redshift
2Druid
3Pinot
2
Time-series databases
3 technologiesInfluxDB
2TimescaleDB
3VictoriaMetrics
2
Graph databases
1 technologyNeo4j
3
Search engines
2 technologiesElasticsearch
17- P2Geospatial Indexing: Geohash, Quadtree, R-tree, S2, and H3
- P4Search Systems: Inverted Indexes, BM25, and Running Elasticsearch in Production
- P4Vector Databases: Embeddings, ANN Indexes, and the Retrieval Layer for AI
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P8Design Search Autocomplete (Typeahead Suggestions)
- P8Design Google Maps (Routing and Tile Rendering)
- P8Design a Food Delivery Service (DoorDash / Swiggy)
- P8Design a Logging Platform (ELK / Loki / Splunk)
- P8Design a Hotel Reservation System (Booking.com / Airbnb)
- P8Design an Enterprise RAG System
- P8Design a Dating App (Tinder / Hinge / Bumble)
- P8Design an Online Auction (eBay / Catawiki)
- P8Design an Email Service at Gmail Scale (1.8B Users, 300B Messages/Day)
- P8Design a Price Tracking Service (CamelCamelCamel / Honey / Keepa)
- P8Design an Observability Platform (Datadog / New Relic / Honeycomb)
- P8Design a Search Engine (Google-Scale / Brave Search)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
OpenSearch
3
Vector databases and indexes
6 technologiesPinecone
2Weaviate
2Milvus
3Qdrant
2Faiss
3pgvector
2
Storage engines
1 technologyRocksDB
10- P0Data Structures for Distributed Systems
- P2NoSQL Databases: Picking the Right Non-Relational Tool
- P4Storage Engines: B-Trees, LSM-Trees, and Why Your Database Feels the Way It Does
- P4Stream vs Batch Processing: Lambda, Kappa, and the End of That Debate
- P4Graph Databases: Property Graphs, Cypher, and When Joins Are the Problem
- P4Key-Value Stores: Redis, Memcached, DynamoDB, and Picking the Right Hash Table
- P8Design a Notification System (Push, SMS, Email at Scale)
- P8Design a Social Media Feed (Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn)
- P8Design a Web Crawler (Googlebot-style)
- P8Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Real-Time Stream Processing)
Messaging and streaming
6 technologiesKafka
55- P0Operating System Essentials for System Design
- P1Scalability: Growing a System Without Breaking It
- P2Message Queues and Streaming: Decoupling at Scale
- P2Pub/Sub: Fan-Out and Event-Driven Systems
- P3Distributed Transactions: 2PC, Saga, and When to Avoid Both
- P3Idempotency and Exactly-Once: The Honest Truth About Delivery Guarantees
- P4Data Warehouses and Data Lakes: Structure, Schema, and the Lakehouse
- P4Stream vs Batch Processing: Lambda, Kappa, and the End of That Debate
- P4Change Data Capture: Streaming the Database's Inner Monologue
- P5Event-Driven Architecture: Notifications, State Transfer, and Choreography
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P5Event Sourcing: Events as the Source of Truth
- P5Strangler Fig: Incremental Migration Without a Big Bang
- P6Auto-Scaling and Capacity Planning: From HPA to Predictive Scaling
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design a Notification System (Push, SMS, Email at Scale)
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design a Social Media Feed (Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn)
- P8Design a Photo Sharing Service (Instagram)
- P8Design a Web Crawler (Googlebot-style)
- P8Design Search Autocomplete (Typeahead Suggestions)
- P8Design a Video Streaming Service (YouTube / Twitch / TikTok)
- P8Design Netflix (End-to-End)
- P8Design a Ride-Hailing Service (Uber / Lyft)
- P8Design Google Maps (Routing and Tile Rendering)
- P8Design a File Sync Service (Dropbox / Google Drive)
- P8Design a Distributed Cache (Memcached / Redis Cluster)
- P8Design a Recommendation System (Netflix / YouTube / TikTok)
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design a Payment System (Stripe / PayPal)
- P8Design a Food Delivery Service (DoorDash / Swiggy)
- P8Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Real-Time Stream Processing)
- P8Design a Logging Platform (ELK / Loki / Splunk)
- P8Design a Proximity Service (Nearby Friends / Yelp)
- P8Design a Real-Time Leaderboard
- P8Design a Hotel Reservation System (Booking.com / Airbnb)
- P8Design a Distributed Job Scheduler (Airflow / Temporal / Distributed Cron)
- P8Design an Enterprise RAG System
- P8Design a Content Moderation System at Scale
- P8Design a Semantic Cache for LLM Applications
- P8Design a Model Router and Gateway (OpenRouter / LiteLLM)
- P8Design a Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly / Harness FME / Unleash)
- P8Design a Dating App (Tinder / Hinge / Bumble)
- P8Design an Online Auction (eBay / Catawiki)
- P8Design a Multi-Tenant SaaS Platform
- P8Design an Email Service at Gmail Scale (1.8B Users, 300B Messages/Day)
- P8Design Live Comments at Scale (FB Live / YouTube Live / Twitch Chat)
- P8Design a Fraud Detection System (Stripe Radar / PayPal / Feedzai)
- P8Design a Fitness Tracking Service (Strava / MapMyRun)
- P8Design a Price Tracking Service (CamelCamelCamel / Honey / Keepa)
- P8Design a CI/CD Platform (GitHub Actions / GitLab CI / CircleCI)
- P8Design an Observability Platform (Datadog / New Relic / Honeycomb)
- P8Design a Search Engine (Google-Scale / Brave Search)
- P8Design a Brokerage Platform (Robinhood / E*TRADE / Interactive Brokers)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
RabbitMQ
2NATS
1SQS
6- P2Message Queues and Streaming: Decoupling at Scale
- P2Pub/Sub: Fan-Out and Event-Driven Systems
- P3Idempotency and Exactly-Once: The Honest Truth About Delivery Guarantees
- P5Serverless: Functions, Cold Starts, and When FaaS Actually Saves Money
- P8Design a Pastebin (Paste Sharing Service)
- P8Design a Photo Sharing Service (Instagram)
Kinesis
2Pulsar
1
Stream processing
2 technologiesFlink
14- P2Message Queues and Streaming: Decoupling at Scale
- P4Data Warehouses and Data Lakes: Structure, Schema, and the Lakehouse
- P4Stream vs Batch Processing: Lambda, Kappa, and the End of That Debate
- P5Event-Driven Architecture: Notifications, State Transfer, and Choreography
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P8Design Search Autocomplete (Typeahead Suggestions)
- P8Design Netflix (End-to-End)
- P8Design a Ride-Hailing Service (Uber / Lyft)
- P8Design Google Maps (Routing and Tile Rendering)
- P8Design a Recommendation System (Netflix / YouTube / TikTok)
- P8Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Real-Time Stream Processing)
- P8Design a Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly / Harness FME / Unleash)
- P8Design a Fraud Detection System (Stripe Radar / PayPal / Feedzai)
- P8Design a Search Engine (Google-Scale / Brave Search)
Spark
7- P4Data Warehouses and Data Lakes: Structure, Schema, and the Lakehouse
- P4Stream vs Batch Processing: Lambda, Kappa, and the End of That Debate
- P8Design Search Autocomplete (Typeahead Suggestions)
- P8Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Real-Time Stream Processing)
- P8Design a Fraud Detection System (Stripe Radar / PayPal / Feedzai)
- P8Design a Fitness Tracking Service (Strava / MapMyRun)
- P8Design a Search Engine (Google-Scale / Brave Search)
Change data capture
1 technologyDebezium
12- P2SQL Databases: The Boring Technology That Wins
- P2Database Partitioning and Sharding: When One Node Is Not Enough
- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P3Distributed Transactions: 2PC, Saga, and When to Avoid Both
- P4OLTP vs OLAP: Row Stores, Column Stores, and Matching Shape to Workload
- P4Data Warehouses and Data Lakes: Structure, Schema, and the Lakehouse
- P4Change Data Capture: Streaming the Database's Inner Monologue
- P4Search Systems: Inverted Indexes, BM25, and Running Elasticsearch in Production
- P5Event-Driven Architecture: Notifications, State Transfer, and Choreography
- P5CQRS: Separating Reads from Writes Without Losing Your Mind
- P5Strangler Fig: Incremental Migration Without a Big Bang
- P8Design a Hotel Reservation System (Booking.com / Airbnb)
Workflow orchestration
2 technologiesTemporal
7- P3Distributed Transactions: 2PC, Saga, and When to Avoid Both
- P5Event-Driven Architecture: Notifications, State Transfer, and Choreography
- P8Design a Ride-Hailing Service (Uber / Lyft)
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design a Payment System (Stripe / PayPal)
- P8Design a Hotel Reservation System (Booking.com / Airbnb)
- P8Design a Distributed Job Scheduler (Airflow / Temporal / Distributed Cron)
Airflow
4
Coordination and service discovery
3 technologiesZooKeeper
8- P2Service Discovery and Service Mesh: Finding and Talking to Services
- P3Consensus Protocols: How Distributed Systems Agree
- P3CAP and PACELC: The Tradeoff That Keeps Confusing People
- P3Failure Detection: Deciding a Node Is Dead
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design a Web Crawler (Googlebot-style)
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design a Unique ID Generator (Snowflake, ULID, TSID, UUIDv7)
etcd
10- P1Consistency Models: What Readers Actually See
- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P2Service Discovery and Service Mesh: Finding and Talking to Services
- P3Consensus Protocols: How Distributed Systems Agree
- P3CAP and PACELC: The Tradeoff That Keeps Confusing People
- P3Failure Detection: Deciding a Node Is Dead
- P8Design a Distributed Rate Limiter
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design a Distributed Job Scheduler (Airflow / Temporal / Distributed Cron)
- P8Design an API Gateway at Scale (Kong / AWS API Gateway / Apigee / Envoy)
Consul
7- P2Database Replication: Keeping Copies in Sync
- P2Service Discovery and Service Mesh: Finding and Talking to Services
- P3Consensus Protocols: How Distributed Systems Agree
- P3Failure Detection: Deciding a Node Is Dead
- P6Health Checks and Readiness: Telling the Truth About Whether You're Up
- P7mTLS and Service-to-Service Authentication: SPIFFE, Service Mesh, and Zero Trust
- P8Design a Distributed Rate Limiter
Proxies and service mesh
6 technologiesNginx
8- P0Operating System Essentials for System Design
- P2Load Balancers: Spreading Traffic, Absorbing Failure
- P2Reverse Proxies and API Gateways: The Smart Edge
- P5Strangler Fig: Incremental Migration Without a Big Bang
- P8Design a Distributed Rate Limiter
- P8Design Netflix (End-to-End)
- P8Design an API Gateway at Scale (Kong / AWS API Gateway / Apigee / Envoy)
- P8Design a Brokerage Platform (Robinhood / E*TRADE / Interactive Brokers)
Envoy
18- P2Load Balancers: Spreading Traffic, Absorbing Failure
- P2Reverse Proxies and API Gateways: The Smart Edge
- P2Rate Limiting: Protecting Systems from Themselves
- P2Service Discovery and Service Mesh: Finding and Talking to Services
- P3Failure Detection: Deciding a Node Is Dead
- P3Consistent Hashing: Keys to Nodes Without Global Reshuffles
- P5Strangler Fig: Incremental Migration Without a Big Bang
- P6Resilience Patterns: Timeouts, Retries, Circuit Breakers, and Bulkheads
- P6Health Checks and Readiness: Telling the Truth About Whether You're Up
- P7mTLS and Service-to-Service Authentication: SPIFFE, Service Mesh, and Zero Trust
- P7DDoS Protection and WAFs: Mitigating Volumetric and Application Attacks
- P8Design a Distributed Rate Limiter
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design Netflix (End-to-End)
- P8Design a Food Delivery Service (DoorDash / Swiggy)
- P8Design a Multi-Tenant SaaS Platform
- P8Design an API Gateway at Scale (Kong / AWS API Gateway / Apigee / Envoy)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
HAProxy
4Kong
3Istio
5- P2Service Discovery and Service Mesh: Finding and Talking to Services
- P6Resilience Patterns: Timeouts, Retries, Circuit Breakers, and Bulkheads
- P6Chaos Engineering: Breaking Things on Purpose
- P6Health Checks and Readiness: Telling the Truth About Whether You're Up
- P7mTLS and Service-to-Service Authentication: SPIFFE, Service Mesh, and Zero Trust
Linkerd
4
Observability
4 technologiesPrometheus
8- P1Latency and Throughput: The Two Numbers That Matter
- P4Time-Series Databases: Metrics, Events, and Retention at Scale
- P6Observability: Metrics, Logs, Traces, and the OpenTelemetry Standard
- P6SLI, SLO, SLA, and Error Budgets: Making Reliability Quantitative
- P6Auto-Scaling and Capacity Planning: From HPA to Predictive Scaling
- P8Design a Metrics Pipeline (Prometheus / InfluxDB / Thanos)
- P8Design an API Gateway at Scale (Kong / AWS API Gateway / Apigee / Envoy)
- P8Design an Observability Platform (Datadog / New Relic / Honeycomb)
Grafana
6- P4Time-Series Databases: Metrics, Events, and Retention at Scale
- P6Observability: Metrics, Logs, Traces, and the OpenTelemetry Standard
- P6SLI, SLO, SLA, and Error Budgets: Making Reliability Quantitative
- P8Design a Metrics Pipeline (Prometheus / InfluxDB / Thanos)
- P8Design a Logging Platform (ELK / Loki / Splunk)
- P8Design an Observability Platform (Datadog / New Relic / Honeycomb)
Jaeger
2OpenTelemetry
5- P6Observability: Metrics, Logs, Traces, and the OpenTelemetry Standard
- P8Design a Notification System (Push, SMS, Email at Scale)
- P8Design a Metrics Pipeline (Prometheus / InfluxDB / Thanos)
- P8Design a Logging Platform (ELK / Loki / Splunk)
- P8Design an Observability Platform (Datadog / New Relic / Honeycomb)
CDN and edge
4 technologiesCloudflare
25- P0Networking Fundamentals for System Design
- P1Availability and Reliability: Nines, SLOs, and Staying Up
- P2Load Balancers: Spreading Traffic, Absorbing Failure
- P2Reverse Proxies and API Gateways: The Smart Edge
- P2Content Delivery Networks: Moving Bytes Closer to Users
- P2Rate Limiting: Protecting Systems from Themselves
- P2Blob and Object Storage: Storing the Big Stuff
- P5Serverless: Functions, Cold Starts, and When FaaS Actually Saves Money
- P5Multi-Region Architecture: Active-Passive, Active-Active, and CRDTs
- P6Graceful Degradation: When Partial Service Beats No Service
- P6Auto-Scaling and Capacity Planning: From HPA to Predictive Scaling
- P6Incident Management: From Detection to Blameless Postmortem
- P7DDoS Protection and WAFs: Mitigating Volumetric and Application Attacks
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design a Pastebin (Paste Sharing Service)
- P8Design a Distributed Rate Limiter
- P8Design Search Autocomplete (Typeahead Suggestions)
- P8Design a Video Streaming Service (YouTube / Twitch / TikTok)
- P8Design a Ticketing System (BookMyShow / Ticketmaster)
- P8Design ChatGPT (Conversational AI at Scale)
- P8Design Perplexity (AI Search with Citations)
- P8Design a Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly / Harness FME / Unleash)
- P8Design a DNS Service (Cloudflare 1.1.1.1 / Google 8.8.8.8)
- P8Design a Price Tracking Service (CamelCamelCamel / Honey / Keepa)
- P8Design an API Gateway at Scale (Kong / AWS API Gateway / Apigee / Envoy)
CloudFront
8- P2Content Delivery Networks: Moving Bytes Closer to Users
- P2Blob and Object Storage: Storing the Big Stuff
- P8Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
- P8Design a Pastebin (Paste Sharing Service)
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design a Photo Sharing Service (Instagram)
- P8Design a Video Streaming Service (YouTube / Twitch / TikTok)
- P8Design Google Maps (Routing and Tile Rendering)
Akamai
3Fastly
4
Object storage
1 technologyS3
31- P1Availability and Reliability: Nines, SLOs, and Staying Up
- P2Blob and Object Storage: Storing the Big Stuff
- P4Data Warehouses and Data Lakes: Structure, Schema, and the Lakehouse
- P5Serverless: Functions, Cold Starts, and When FaaS Actually Saves Money
- P8Design a Pastebin (Paste Sharing Service)
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design a Photo Sharing Service (Instagram)
- P8Design a Web Crawler (Googlebot-style)
- P8Design a Video Streaming Service (YouTube / Twitch / TikTok)
- P8Design Netflix (End-to-End)
- P8Design Google Maps (Routing and Tile Rendering)
- P8Design a File Sync Service (Dropbox / Google Drive)
- P8Design Collaborative Editing (Google Docs / Figma / Notion)
- P8Design a Metrics Pipeline (Prometheus / InfluxDB / Thanos)
- P8Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Real-Time Stream Processing)
- P8Design a Logging Platform (ELK / Loki / Splunk)
- P8Design a Real-Time Leaderboard
- P8Design an Enterprise RAG System
- P8Design a Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly / Harness FME / Unleash)
- P8Design a Dating App (Tinder / Hinge / Bumble)
- P8Design an Online Auction (eBay / Catawiki)
- P8Design a Multi-Tenant SaaS Platform
- P8Design a Video Conferencing System (Zoom / Google Meet)
- P8Design an Email Service at Gmail Scale (1.8B Users, 300B Messages/Day)
- P8Design a Fitness Tracking Service (Strava / MapMyRun)
- P8Design an Online Judge (LeetCode / Codeforces / HackerEarth)
- P8Design a Price Tracking Service (CamelCamelCamel / Honey / Keepa)
- P8Design a CI/CD Platform (GitHub Actions / GitLab CI / CircleCI)
- P8Design an Observability Platform (Datadog / New Relic / Honeycomb)
- P8Design a Search Engine (Google-Scale / Brave Search)
- P8Design a Brokerage Platform (Robinhood / E*TRADE / Interactive Brokers)
Realtime and push
1 technologyFirebase
1
Protocols
3 technologiesgRPC
8- P0Networking Fundamentals for System Design
- P0API Design Basics: REST, GraphQL, gRPC, and the Hard Parts
- P8Design a Ride-Hailing Service (Uber / Lyft)
- P8Design a File Sync Service (Dropbox / Google Drive)
- P8Design a Food Delivery Service (DoorDash / Swiggy)
- P8Design ChatGPT (Conversational AI at Scale)
- P8Design a Coding Agent (Claude Code / GitHub Copilot / Cursor)
- P8Design a Video Conferencing System (Zoom / Google Meet)
GraphQL
3WebSockets
12- P0Networking Fundamentals for System Design
- P0API Design Basics: REST, GraphQL, gRPC, and the Hard Parts
- P2Real-Time Communication: WebSockets, SSE, and Long Polling
- P8Design a Chat System (WhatsApp / Messenger / Signal)
- P8Design Collaborative Editing (Google Docs / Figma / Notion)
- P8Design a Voice Agent (Alexa / Siri-Class Realtime)
- P8Design an Online Auction (eBay / Catawiki)
- P8Design a Video Conferencing System (Zoom / Google Meet)
- P8Design Live Comments at Scale (FB Live / YouTube Live / Twitch Chat)
- P8Design a Fitness Tracking Service (Strava / MapMyRun)
- P8Design a Brokerage Platform (Robinhood / E*TRADE / Interactive Brokers)
- P8Design Channel-Scale Chat (Discord / Slack)
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